دوربین مدار بسته و لنز
امروزه در مراکز صنعتی و اداری جهت نظارت بر محیط فیزیکی و نظارت برکار کارکنان یا کـارگران در جـهت کنترل و مدیـریت بهـتر و کارآمـد‌تر بـه وفـور از سیستمهای تـلویزیونی مـداربسته (closed circuit TV)(cctv) استفاده میشود.این سیستمها به عنوان سیستمهای کنترل تصویری نیز نامیده میشوند. گاهی نیز از این سیستمها با مخفف CCVE (تجهیزات ویدئویی مدار بسته) یاد میشود. در محلهایی مانند بانکها ـ ادارات ـ دانشگاهها ـ کارخانجات ـ فروشگاههای بزرگ ـ فروشگاههای فروش اجناس گرانقیمت مانند طلافروشیها ـ در سوپرمارکتهای بزرگ و در کنترل ترافیک خیابانها و چهارراه‌ها این سیستمها را میتوان نصب و مورد استفاده قرار داد. استفاده از این سیستمها در منازل مسکونی رواج چندانی نیافته است ولی با پا به عرصه گذاشتن سیستمهای تصویری که قادرند حرکت را در محدودة تحت نظارت سیستم تشخیص و اعلام خطر نمایند یا توسط سنسورهای خاصی تحریک شده و شروع به ضبط فیلم از محل بنمایند انتظار می‌رود که استفاده از این سیستمها در منازل مسکونی نیز گسترش بیاید.
به اینگونه سیستمها هم اکنون اصطلاح دزدگیر تصویری اطلاق میشود. اصول کار سیستمهای CCTV به این صورت است که ابتدا تصاویر توسط دوربینهای مدار بسته دریافت شده و برای نمایش و پخش به مانیتور یا تلویزیون انتقال داده میشود. همچنین برای ضبط و یا تغییر نحوه نمایش روی مانیتور و پخش همزمان تصاویر دوربینها روی مانیتور و کنترل از راه دور دوربینها نیز تجهیزات و امکاناتی وجود دارد. چون تصاویر دریافت شده از این سیستمها برای بینندگان محدودی میباشد لذا به آنها تلویزیون مدار بسته می‌گویند بر خلاف تلویزیون عمومی (Broadcast TV) که جهت پخش تصاویر برای عموم میباشد. با توجه به تنظیماتی که روی دوربینها و سایر تجهیزات میتوان انجام داد این سیستمها در شرایط جوی متفاوت و در روز و شب نیز کارآیی خوبی دارند.
برای کنترل ورود و خروج افراد به یک محل و برای کنترل مکانهای وسیع توسط چندین دوربین و نمایش همزمان تصویر آنها و نظارت سمعی و بصری از فواصل بسیار دور از طریق شبکه تلفن بدون نیاز به حضور فیزیکی کنترل کننده در محل و در دستگاههایی که کنترل بصری آنها توسط انسان مقدور نبوده یا خطر آفرین میباشد نیز میتوان از این سیستمها استفاده کرد. لذا استفاده از سیستمهای CCTV روز به روز در حال رشد است و با توجه به تکنولوژی ساخت تجهیزات آن که مبتنی بر صنعت الکترونیک و کامپیوتر میباشد ساخت و تولید تجهیزات این سیستمها دائماً در حال تکامل و پیشرفت است و ما در این مختصر سعی نموده‌ایم تا اصول کلی و امکانات عمومی این سیستمها را به همراه برخی از موارد نمونه از مشخصات و امکانات تجهیزات برای اطلاع و آشنایی خوانندگان عزیز ارائه نماییم. عموماً در سیستمهای CCTV تجهیزات زیر مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد:
دوربین های CCTV چه هستند ؟
CCTV مخفف عبارت Closed Circuit Television می باشد . این عبارت بیانگر سیستمی از دوربین های مداربسته است که اطلاعات تصویری را در تلویزیونهای معینی نمایش می دهند و قابلیت ضبط و ثبت تصاویر را از چند دوربین دارا هستند . این دوربین ها قالبا برای نظارت و محافظت از محیط هایی استفاده می شوند که نیاز به کنترل دارند مثل : بانک ها ، ادارات ،سازمانها ، خطوط تولید ، فروشگاهها ، پارکینگ ها ، شرکت ها ، مغازه ها و حتی خانه ها .
امتیازات دوربین های CCTV چیست ؟
1 - نظارت و کنترل انواع مکانها به صورت متمرکز
2 - ثبت و ضبط تصاویر دوربین ها برای استفاده در زمان های دیگر
3 - قابلیت کنترل دوربین ها از راه دور
4 - قابلیت استفاده از چندین دوربین در مکانهای تحت کنترل و مدیریت متمرکز
همه دوربین ها از یک مکان
5 - قابلیت نصب این دوربین ها در داخل و خارج ساختمان
آیا می توان تصاویر CCTV ها را از طریق اینترنت به مکانهای دیگر ارسال کرد ؟
بله ، با استفاده از DVR هایی که قابلیت ارسال اطلاعات را در اینترنت دارند به سادگی می توان
تصاویر را بوسیله خطوط ADSL انتقال داد . ( توجه : سرعت خط ADSL در صورتی که درخواست ارسال تصاویر با سرعت معمولی را داشته باشید باید از 128 بیشتر باشد . )
در ضمن انتقال تصویر به صورت Dial up ( خط تلفن ) هم امکان پذیر است . با این تفاوت که کیفیت تصاویر کم است و سرعت انتقال نیز به ازای هر 8 ثانیه 1 عکس می باشد .
با ADSL تصاویر به صورت Real Time انتقال می یابد .
آیا دوربین های CCTV قابلیت دید در شب را دارند ؟
بله ، دوربین های CCTV بسته به نوع آن قابلیت دید در شب را به صورت رنگی یا سیاه سفید
دارند .
تفاوت دوربین های CCTV و IP Camera ها در ارسال تصاویر توسط اینترنت چیست ؟
دوربین های IP Camera به صورت مستقیم به اینترنت وصل شده و از طریق اینترنت قابلیت
کنترل دارند . ولی دوربین های CCTV غالبا به واسطه DVR است که به اینترنت متصل
شده و انتقال تصاویر صورت می گیرد .
مبانی سیستم های مداربسته (CCTV ) :
در دهه 1950 اولین دوربین مداربسته مورد استفاده قرار گرفت واساس کار آن به این صورت بود که ابتدا تصاویر توسط دوربینهای مدار بسته، ضبط شده و برای نمایش و پخش به مانیتور یا تلویزیون انتقال داده می‌شد.
اما بتدریج با طرح نیازمندیهای گوناگون استفاده از تجهیزاتی نظیر:QUAD –MULTIPELEXER-DVR-SWITCHER- PSTN-MATRIX و... نیز در طراحی این سیستمها مطرح شد که به شرح آنها خواهیم پرداخت.
البته تفاوت سیستم مداربسته با تلویزیون اینست که سیستم مداربسته به صورت LOOP طراحی شده و فقط افراد خاصی می توانند آن را مشاهده کرده و دوربین ها را نیز کنترل کنند ولی تلویزیون عمومی (Broadcast TV) جهت پخش تصاویر برای عموم میباشد.
انواع دوربینهای مداربسته:
دریک تقسیم بندی کلی دوربینها به دودسته زیرتقسیم میشوند:
الف)دوربینهای ثابت (Fixed Camera )
ب)دوربینهای متحرک (Fast Dome Camera)
الف)دوربینهای Fix
دوربین Fix به دوربینهائی گفته میشود که امکان چرخش به اطراف را نداشته و لنز آنها بطور ثابت زاویه معینی از محیط را برای ما به تصویر میکشد که البته این زاویه بطور دستی یا اتوماتیک قابل تغییر است وبیشتر برای کنترل وحفاظت از محیطهای صنعتی نصب می گردند.
دوربینهای Fix به دو دسته تقسیم میشوند:
1-دوربینهای بدون لنز
2- دوربینهای با لنز
دوربینهایFix بدون لنز :
کاربرد این دوربین ها درصنعت بوده و لنز آنها با توجه به مسافت مورد نظر، وضوح تصویرو... قابل انتخاب است .
برای مثال تفاوت تصاویر با لنزهای مختلف را دراشکال زیر میتوان مشاهده کرد:
البته انتخاب لنز مناسب به هنگام نصب دوربینهای مدار بسته نیاز به تخصص لازم دارد زیرا گزینه‌های موجود در بازار با گسترش روزافزون فن‌آوری‌های الکترونیکی دائما درحال تغییر است.
لنزهای رایج با فواصل کانونی فاصله عدسی لنز تا نقطه همگرائی عدسی :
- (Focal Lenz) 5 /2-8/2-5/3-4-6-8-12-25-35-50-75 میلمتری ساخته میشوند . هر چه فاصله کانونی لنز بیشتر باشد بزرگنمائی بیشتری داریم یعنی اجسام دورتر را با وضوح بهتری میتوان دید البته زاویه دید کمتر خواهد بود.
حالتTele
ولی اگر فاصله کانونی لنز کوچکتر باشد زاویه دیدبیشتر خواهد بود واجسام نزدیک را بهتر نمایش میدهد.
حالت (Wide)
میتوان لنزها را بر اساس فاصله کانونی به شکل زیر تقسیم بندی نمود:
1 - لنزهای با فاصله کانونی ثابت (Fixed Focus Length Lens)
لنزهای با فاصله کانونی ثابت ساده‌ترین نوع لنز هستند و از این جهت از نظر قیمت ارزان‌ترین لنز می‌باشند. در این دوربینها مفهومی به نام فاصله کانونی از پیش تعیین شده مطرح میشود. این مفهوم بدین معناست که محاسبات دقیقی باید انجام گیرد تا بر اساس اندازه ناحیه دید (میدان دید) مورد نیاز و نیز فاصله مکان مورد نظر از دوربین، مناسب‌ترین لنز انتخاب گردد. لنزهای متداول از این نوع معمولاً زاویه دید 30 و یا 60 درجه‌ای دارند.
( دوربین نیمه صنعتی )
زوایه دید
برای عدسی که از جسمی مستطیل شکل تصویر می دهد زاویه دید برای فاصله ی انتخاب شده ی d به صورت زیر تعریف می شود
2- لنزهای با فاصله کانونی متغیر (Varifocal Lens) :
این نوع لنزها امکان تنظیم زاویه به صورت دستی را دارند. این لنزها گرانتر از لنزهای با فاصله کانونی ثابت هستند امّا از انعطاف بیشتری برخوردارند چراکه محدودیتهای لنزهای با فاصله کانونی ثابت را نداشته ومیتوان نمای مورد نظر را بطور واضح دریافت نمود.
از دیگر نمونه‌های این لنزها میتوان لنزهای دارای قابلیت بزرگ نمایی (zoom lens) را نام برد. این لنز ها که پیچیده‌ترین نوع لنز هستند هنگامی که نصب و راه اندازی میشوند بیشترین کاربرد را خواهند داشت. این لنزها را میتوان از راه دور تنظیم نمود و بدین ترتیب امکان تغییر فاصله کانونی مهیا میشود. این بدین معناست که یک لنز می‌‌تواند به منظور مشاهده یک ناحیه گسترده به کار رود.
معمولاً این لنزها از مکانیسم تنظیم خودکار دیافراگم (Auto Iris) برخوردارند که این امر امکان بکارگیری آنها به صورت 24 ساعته را فراهم می‌سازد.
این نوع ایریس برای محیط بیرون که مقدار نور متغیر است بهتر بوده و بسیار انعطاف پذیر تر از ایریس دستی است، بنابراین برای بیشتر امور حفاظتی این نوع ایریس توصیه می شود.
لنزهای دارای ایریس دستی برای محلی که شدت و میزان نور تغییرات شدید می کند– مثلا در تابش خورشید مناسب نیست بلکه برای مکان هایی که میزان نور تقریبا ثابت است استفاده از این نوع ایریس مناسب میباشد . ( مثلا داخل محل های بسته)
فرمت‌های اسمی لنزها که در بازار به صورت‌های "1 ، "2/1 ، "3/1 و "4/1 موجودند در واقع از محاسبه نسبت قطر لنز به زاویه دید تصویر تولید شده توسط لنز گرفته شده‌اند.
برگرفته از سایت فروشگاه اینترنتی تدوین
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